The linear relationships and 95% confidence limits were calculated using spss16 spss inc. Around 293 and 302 million high quality pairedend reads of ajay and rajalaxmi, respectively, were generated and aligned against the. The time of occurrence of internode elongation stage differs among varieties. Id like to keep the files already on the computer, but its not a horrific loss if i cant. Genetic analysis of cold tolerance at the germination and. Cooling water before panicle initiation increases chilling.
We used the uppermost fully expanded leaves for gas exchange measurements and sampling at two different growth stages. Cold tolerance during the booting stage of rice is a key factor that can guarantee a high and stable yield under. As the young panicle develops, it becomes visible to the naked eye in a few days. Differential gene expression among hybrids and its parents. Cold stress can cause serious abiotic damage that limits the growth, development and yield of rice. Effect of lowtw treatment before panicle initiation on. The dd50 program for predicting rice growth involves identifying growth stages. Influence of controlled drainage on the groundwater. Panicle initiation is the stage about 25 days before heading when the panicle has grown to about 1 mm long and can be recognized visually or under magnification following stem dissection. The rnaseq of bpt, ctm and kjj at panicle initiation stage emanated 116298544 total raw reads. Effect of irrigation management methods on growth, grain. Is there anything that i can do to fix the problem before i bite the bullet and take it somewhere and have a professional fix it. Raise healthy nursery by using recommended doses of fertiliser and controlling pests.
Transplanting required 29% more time for the completion of tillering and less for ds. An integrated, searchable knowledge base of genetic associations and rice genome phenotype. This stage is characterized by the swelling of the bottom of the panicle leaf, which is due to the panicle growing upwards inside the stem. Diagnosing crop water stress of rice using infrared. It is when the actual panicle or head begins to form in the base of the.
Cultivar shaheenbasmati exhibited comparatively more tolerance to drought stress at all the three growth stages under study with less reduction in various physiological and agronomic traits. The camera had been calibrated by capturing the images from the teflon calibration tag under the same lighting conditions as the images under the study. Specific leaf area sla leaf area leaf dry weight ranged from 8 to 326 cm2 g1 and was significantly lower i. Genomewide temporalspatial gene expression profiling of. However, rice is highly sensitive to water deficit at the panicle initiation and booting stages 1,2. Then the tip of the developing panicle emerges from the stem and continues to grow. Transcriptome profiling of wheat inflorescence development. Data extraction from images was done using feature extraction software version 10.
Influences of nitrogen and potassium top dressing on yield. Overall percentage of tagged panicle spikelet sterility of five paddy rice genotypes in comparison to the control averaged across all five temperatures thermic regime epagri sc491 sc676 sc681 scs116 109 satoru tagged panicle spikelet sterility % temperatures 43. Booting and flowering are part of the reproductive growth stage. The bulging of the flag leaf sheath is called booting. Developing dt varieties by breeding is the major strategy for reducing rice yield losses caused by drought. Evaluating multisplit topdressing as an option for. The spikelet numbers per panicle was much more in the compactpanicle or1918 than that in the laxpanicle upahar table 1. Differential expression of genes at panicle initiation and. During this stage, the spikelets becomes extends upward inside the flag leaf sheath.
The cold water was maintained at 20 cm depth at the early stage to. Tiller mortality reached a peak between panicle initiation pi and booting bt stages. The hps boot starts when a processor is released from reset for example, on power up and executes code. Plant information realtime software products such as scada pi. The effect of controlled drainage on nitrogen n and phosphorus p emission at jointingbooting stage of winter wheat was studied in 20072008.
Panicle initiation is the first stage in the reproductive phase of growth and. Rnaseq generated 331 million short reads and 66 gb original data for the ajay group, whereas it generated 341 million short reads and 68 gb for rajalaxmi table 1 and table 2. The drought stress was imposed from panicle initiation to panicle emergence period reproductive stage by withholding irrigation fig. Effects of nitrogen and tiller type on grain yield and. However, the sensitivity of rice to drought stress ds at different growth periods remains unclear.
The stem begins to lengthen late in the tillering stage and stops growing in height just before panicle initiation about 52 days after sowing, which also signals the end of the vegetative phase. Further analysis of the peak stages of n requirement in rice early panicle initiation stage, booting stage helped produce a stable correlation between the flav value and n deficiency in rice, and helped determine the threshold of recommended n application in rice at flav value 1. June 2427 tillering stage, july 811 panicle initiation stage, july 2225 booting stage. Flag leaf just visible, still rolled, panicle moving upwards 39. Rnaseq technology was used to analyze the transcriptome of two rice hybrids, ajay based on wildabortive wacytoplasm and rajalaxmi based on kalingacytoplasm, and their respective parents at the panicle initiation pi and grain filling gf stages. July 56 panicle initiation stage and august 1617 mid grainfilling stage in 2012, and five different growth stages. These two stages are tillering and panicle initiation. I dont have the original software that came with the computer refurbished. Significant differences in yield performance and panicle morphology were observed between the lax and compactpanicle cultivars, upahar and or1918, respectively table 1, fig. Here, we studied the transcriptome profiles at four stages of early wheat reproductive development. A total of 10 rice tillers were inoculated with each m. While p and k were applied basally during sowing, n was applied in two splits as top dressing.
Potassium potassium chloride was applied at 75 kg k 2 o ha. Inseason estimation of rice grain yield using critical. Generally, the second crop begins to initiate when the. Effects of elevated atmospheric co2 on respiratory rates. Individual rice tillers were inoculated at the booting stage the beginning of panicle initiation, by injecting 1 ml of an m. Agilent technologies using default settings and a standard. Pdf multispectral images tetracam agriculture digital to. The qtl gnp1 encodes ga20ox1, which increases grain number. The number of mature pollen grains after chilling at the booting stage 12 c for 5 days was only approximately 45% of total pollen grains in lowtw plants, whereas it was approximately 71% in normaltw plants tw not. Transporter genes identified in landraces associated with. Canopy hyperspectral sensing of paddy fields at the booting stage. In contrast, percentage of grain filling was much more in upahar 91.
Panicle initiation this stage begins when the primordia. The number of mature pollen grains after chilling at the booting stage 12 c for 5 d was only 45% of total pollen grains in low. Statistical analyses were performed using statistix 9, analytical software. The software is provided by users and the boot rom is not involved in configuring the fpga fabric. Tiller type and yield components for the determination of tiller order, the main stems m of 15 randomly selected plants from each plot were labelled with small plastic tags, while other tillers were tagged. Panicle samples of first set of 12 genotypes along with two parents of the mapping population and a second set of 48 genotypes during booting stage. The statistical software used was the statistical analysis system sas and.
Crop nitrogen n status during vegetative growth is an essential indicator of crop vigor and predictor of subsequent grain yield. Foliar application of benzothiadiazole and salicylic acid. Biochemical and molecular characterisation of exogenous. After discarding adaptors and low quality reads, 293 and 302 million high quality reads, representing 88. Mapping of qtls for grain yield and its component traits.
Seasonal drought is a major threat to rice production. Panicle initiation pi is the start of the reproductive phase of rice development. The conventional subsurface drainage was taken as the control t5. For high breeds fresh seeds should be purchased every year. Submergence at different stages was imposed in specially designed experimental tanks in 2009 and 2010 based on alternate wetting and drying technology awd, the control, ck.
Early reproductive development in cereals is crucial for final grain number per spike and hence the yield potential of the crop. The overall methylation level of rice genomes is four. Rice is said to be at the heading stage when the panicle is fully visible. Cf comparison of endogenous cytokinin levels between young nilgnp1 lt and nilgnp1 tq panicles 1 cm at early panicle initiation to booting stage. Singlebase resolution maps of cultivated and wild rice. This stage begins when the primordia of the panicle has differentiated and becomes visible. Treatments include cid treatment at tiller stage t1, jointingbooting stage t2, panicle initiation stage t3. The raw reads were further processed for 106296448 high quality reads by removing the low quality reads. Spikelet anthesis or flowering begins with panicle exertion heading, or on the following day. Understanding of growth stages is critical in rice production. The software on the hps obtains the fpga configuration image from any of its flash memory devices or communication interfaces, for example, the ethernet media access controller emac. Hps boot booting software on the hps is a multistage process. To examine the rice genomic methylation landscape and assess its functional significance, we generated singlebase resolution dna methylome maps for asian cultivated rice oryza sativa ssp. To date, however, no systematic analyses of gene expression profiles during this important process have been conducted for common wheat triticum aestivum.
To further investigate and confirm ap2erf gene expression, the rice expression profile database ricexpro, which is a repository of gene expression data derived from microarray experiments encompassing the entire life cycle of the rice plant from germination, seedling, tillering, stem elongation, panicle initiation, booting, heading. The plant growth stages from panicle initiation to flowering and from flowering. N and grain yield were significantly correlated with ndvi r 2 0. The groundwater depth was naturally drained to 400 mm and 800 mm below the soil surface within 3 days at the jointingbooting stage, after the water level was kept at 100 mm for 1.
Multispectral images tetracam agriculture digital camera. Cooling water before panicle initiation increases chillingainduced. Panicle initiation is the beginning of the reproductive phase. Panicle initiation how is panicle initiation abbreviated. Yield and tillering response of super hybrid rice liangyoupeijiu to. Genetic analysis of cold tolerance at the germination and booting stages in rice by association mapping. The cold tolerance of rice is controlled by quantitative trait loci qtls. However, rice is highly sensitive to water deficit at the panicle initiation and booting stages 1, 2.
The thresholds of thths used in the practice of ci irrigation were 60%, 70% and 70% at tillering, panicle initiation to booting and milk to soft dough stages in china peng et al. Tillering rate was 43% higher in ds than tp under either ct or nt. The concept of the critical nitrogen nc dilution curve has been used for inseason assessment of crop n status, yet it remains to be determined that how plant n status during vegetative growth can be related to grain yield at maturity in rice. Based on the complex genetic basis of cold tolerance in rice, additional efforts are needed to. Potential of controlled irrigation and drainage for. Indicators for diagnosing nitrogen status of rice based on. Drought tolerance dt is a complex trait both genetically and physiologically. Identification of a coldtolerant locus in rice oryza. Cold tolerance during the booting stage of rice is a key factor that can guarantee a high and stable yield under cold stress. Dna methylation plays important biological roles in plants and animals.
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